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New Book: Stephen H Smith: India’s Forgotten Rocket Pioneer

By Gurbir Dated: August 30, 2019 5 Comments

A new book provides a detailed account of the life and work of Stephen H Smith.

Now available. For discount codes and purchase options look here.

During 1934 and 1944 in Calcutta, he worked alone and unsupported on developing rocket transport. In 1935, he was the first to demonstrate the successful transport by a rocket of livestock, food and medicine.

The book charts the story of Stephen H Smith, described by a contemporary as “the greatest one-man campaign for rocketry”. He dedicated his life working alone in northeast India to develop a new revolutionary means of transport using rocket power.

The development of rockets in India is commonly understood to have ended with Tipu Sultan in 1799 and started again in 1963 with what is now called the Indian Space Research Organisation. However, in the intervening period, rockets were built, and championed by one man, working alone in Calcutta. In 1925 he set up the Indian Air Mail Society and it is amongst the philatelic community globally where his work is still known but is almost entirely forgotten from the popular imagination in India.

On 14 February 1891, Stephen H Smith, the only son of a tea plantation manager originally from Norfolk, England was born in the Strawberry Hill region of Shillong. Between 1934 and 1944, he conducted over 200 rocket experiments to demonstrate the utility of a rocket as a means of transport.

The 20th century was the harbinger for new revolutionary means of transport. Trains, airships, aeroplanes and automobiles were the key technologies fueling the developed nations. Mesmerised by aeroplanes as a child he engaged head-on with the new and transformative technology of rockets as an adult. In September 1934, he conducted his first rocket experiment to transport mail from a ship on the Hooghly River to the Sagar Island. In the decade that followed he conducted over 200 experiments. He built multi-staged rockets, and boomerang rockets and tested compressed air and gas as propellants. Like many early rocket mail experimenters, he supported his experiments financially by flying specially designed souvenir covers on his rockets. These flown items carrying his recognisable signature are spread around the world and even today can fetch up to $20,000 each.

Small self-funded groups to develop rockets were established in USSR, USA, Britain, Australia and Germany. It was from these groups that Sergei Korolev and Wernher von Braun emerged and competed in the epic space race that resulted in Sputnik, Gagarin and Apollo 11. Stephen H Smith was their contemporary but worked alone and unsupported in India. This book reveals the challenges faced by one man working alone at the forefront of new ground-breaking technology.

Long after he had died, he was inducted into the Hall of Fame by the American Airmail Society in 1989. In 1992, a year after the centenary of his birth, the Indian government celebrated his achievements by issuing a stamp and a first-day cover dedicated to his work. Today his work is found in official NASA publications, the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society and in the National Air and Space Museum in Washington DC.

Smith’s work inspired a science fiction story during his lifetime. Human achievements in space – the Apollo programme, the International Space Station and India’s accomplishments including Mars Orbiter Mission at Mars and Chadrayaan on the Moon owe more than just inspiration to those early rocket pioneers during the early 1930s around the world including Stephen Smith in India.

A new study of his contacts with the King of Sikkim, with King George V, with a member of parliament in London and a 25 year-long correspondence with a Swiss philatelist reveal in his own words his struggle to attain recognition and support for his work. His reluctant attempt to work with the military authorities in India during World War II ended in frustration. His multiple attempts in 1949 to contact the Governor of Bengal and Prime Minister Nehru in the newly independent India failed to generate a response.

Stephen Smith lived and worked through some of the darkest periods of the 20th century, the Great Depression, World War Two, the Bengal Famine and the post-Indian Independence riots in Calcutta. In December 1950 his mentor and friend in Switzerland Dr Robert Paganini died leaving him, someone he had never spoken with or ever met, a part of his will. Sadly, Stephen Smith himself died two months later.

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Chandrayaan-2 – Back to the Moon

By Gurbir Dated: July 14, 2019 Leave a Comment

Pragyan Touchdown. – Scheduled for 01:55 IST on 7 September 2019

[ycd_countdown id=5360]

T+
Successful Launch on 14:43 IST on Monday 22 July 2019

Second Attempt: Monday 22 July 10:13 BST (14:43 IST)
First Attempt: Sunday 14 July – 22:21 BST. ** Launch aborted at T- 56M 24s**

Reason for abort: The third stage of the GSLV Mk3 uses a cryogenic engine where liquid Hydrogen and liquid Oxygen are the propellents. Loading these propellents (first Oxygen and then Hydrogen) is completed just minutes prior to lift off.  A Helium container above the Oxygen tank began to leak at a particular pressure. It was the detection of this leak at T-56 minutes that the mission was aborted. ISRO engineers have confirmed that they can make the fix at the launch pad without the need to return the launch vehicle to the Vehicle Assembly Building.

Reschedule: The new launch date is 22nd July 2019 at 10:13 BST. Chandrayaan-2 was going to take 54 days to get to the Moon, the delayed departure will be compensated for during the Earthbound manoeuvres. It will now take 47 days to get to the Moon. The original landing date of 6th September will not change.


ISRO  Links

Web https://www.isro.gov.in/
Twitter http://www.twitter.com/isro
Youtube https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw5hEVOTfz_AfzsNFWyNlNg
Facebook http://www.facebook.com/isro
Reddit https://www.reddit.com/r/ISRO
NASA Spaceflight Forum https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?board=62.0

Launch Live Stream 

[1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USpCu-Z1usk
[2] http://cdn.24fd.com/e19/07/isro/15/index.html


If all goes to plan (weather is looking a little dodgy) Chandrayaan-2, India’s second moon mission will lift off from India’s Space Port – Sriharikota at 22:21 BST. This will be India’s second Moon mission since Chandrayaan-1 launched in 2008. 

This mission consists of an orbiter, lander and a rover. It will be launched on a GSLV Mk3, India’s “heavy lift” launcher. To date, the GSLV-Mk3 has had 3 successful flights (one of which was suborbital). Click on any image to open gallery view.

Links

For more pictures and information see the gallery and the brochure. The orbiter has 8 instruments, the lander (called Vikram) has 3 and the rover (called Pragyan) has 3.

OrbiterLanderRover
1 Terrain Mapping Camera: An instrument for Lunar Seismic ActivityAlpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer
2 Chandrayaan 2 Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer Chandra’s Surface Thermo-physical ExperimentLaser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscope
3 Solar X-Ray MonitorLangmuir ProbeLaser Retroreflector Array (LRA) – Passive experiment from NASA
4 Imaging IR Spectrometer
5 Synthetic Aperture Radar L&S Bands
6 Chandra’s Atmospheric Composition Explorer-2
7 Orbiter High-Resolution Camera
8 Dual Frequency Radio Science Experiment

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Episode 78: ISRO’s early Earth Observation Cameras with former chairman Mr Kiran Kumar

By Gurbir Dated: September 28, 2018 Leave a Comment

Dr Kiran Kumar. Credit ISRO

Mr Kiran Kumar studied physics, physical engineering and electronics in educational institutions in India including the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore. He specialised in electro-optical imaging systems and in 1975 was recruited by Dr Yash Pal (one of a few key individuals who played a pivotal role in the early days of India’s space programme) to ISRO’s Space Application Centre in Ahmedabad.

https://media.blubrry.com/astrotalkuk_podcast_feed/astrotalkuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Episode-78-Dr-Kiran-Kumar.mp3

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During the 1970’s, state of the art imaging sensor consisted of photodiodes, vidicon tubes and photomultipliers. It was these analogue devices that he started working with before moving on to modern solid state devices such as  Charged Couple Devices (CCDs). He contributed to imaging systems in India’s first remote sensing satellite (Bhaskara-1) and deep space missions to the Moon (Chandrayaan-1) and Mars (Mars Orbiter Mission).

During the 1970’s, state of the art imaging sensor consisted of photodiodes, vidicon tubes and photomultipliers. It was these analogue devices that he started working with before moving on to modern solid state devices such as  Charged Couple Devices (CCDs). He contributed to imaging systems in India’s first remote sensing satellite (Bhaskara-1) and deep space missions to the Moon (Chandrayaan-1) and Mars (Mars Orbiter Mission).

A few highlights from the interview recorded on 22 September 2018

  • Had considered medicine as a career but a combination of not meeting the age criteria by 22 days and National College in Bangalore initiating a new Physics Honours course in 1968, he chose Physics.
  • Strongly influenced by physicist and ardent rationalist  Dr.H.Narasimhaiah who later became the vice-chancellor of Bangalore University
  • Has a clear memory of Gagarin’s spaceflight in 1961 and Apollo 11 landing on the Moon in 1969.
  • Graduated in 1971, the same year that Vikram Sarabhai died. He never saw or met him.
  • In 1975, he was working on his Mtec at the IISc when India’s first satellite, Aryabhata was launched. He worked on Bhaskara – initially known as Satellite for Earth Observation
  • In the mid-1970s only four metropolitan areas in India had television reception. The SITE programme illustrated the benefits of satellite communication in delivering education to small rural communities across India.
  • During 1995-1999 – ISRO had the highest spatial resolution imaging capability from space in the civilian domain.
  • Using Commercial Off the Shelf products (or parts from COTS product) is not unusual for experimental space missions.
  • Moving into the Chairman’s role was not onerous. Previous experience as director of an ISRO centre provided the required experience.

Although Kiran Kumar stood down from the chairman’s role in January 2018, he remains active within ISRO.

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New audio -Rakesh Sharma in Space speaking Russian 7th April 1984

By Gurbir Dated: August 10, 2018 Leave a Comment

  • Soyuz T11 Crew

Recently two audio clips (see below) of Sharma’s broadcast have emerged. They were recorded in 1984 by Sven Grahn in Sweden. The audio clips are part of a TV broadcast transmitted on 7th April and captured over two orbits. The first clip Sharma talks about the Yoga experiments and in the second, we hear him for the first time speaking in Russian about the pictures of Indian leaders he took with him to space. He mentions the defence minister because Rakesh Sharma was a member of the Indian Airforce and had no connections with ISRO. The audio was originally recorded live by Sven Grahn and transcribed from Russian to English by Bart Hendrikx. Transcription and the audio clips below. My thanks to them both.

In 1984, Wing Commander Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian national and the 138th person to enter space. His trip into space was part of the USSR’s Interkosmos programme. During this programme, 14 non-Soviet cosmonauts travelled to the USSR’s Soyuz space station in low earth orbit stations between 1978 and 1988.

On  Tuesday, 3 April 1984, at 10:38, Rakesh Sharma with Commander Yuri Malyshev and Gennady Strekalov blasted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome the Soyuz T-11 spacecraft. Ten minutes later, Soyuz T-11 was in a 224 kilometre LEO on its way to dock with the space station Salyut 7. After just over a week on Wednesday 11th April Sharma returned to Earth aboard Soyuz T-10 as planned to the USSR 46 km to the east of the city of Arkalyk.

During his 8 days, Sharma conducted several observations, experiments and participated in live TV broadcasts. His first broadcast and conversation with the Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi took place on the 4th April and is well documented.

Sven Grahn and his equipment in 1974. Credit Sven Grahn.


Audio recorded in Real-time by Sven Grahn

14:45–14:50 UT 7/4/1984

Yuri Malyshev: (in Russian)

… in order not to spoil the experiment…
Yesterday, while we were flying over our country and doing experiments with our film cameras, I asked Rakesh to come to the window and look at the beautiful Kuril Islands, the volcanoes. As far as my native region is concerned, I would gladly invite Rakesh to the Volga region where I was born and to the Dnepr region where I grew up and would show him these two mighty and beautiful rivers … (inaudible)

Rakesh Sharma: (in English)

In order to conserve muscle tone as well as (inaudible). As everyone know this is due to the lack of gravity and tends to expand a bit. So for these exercises we have selected 5 (in audible) and other warming up exercises padma asana, and again we will go back and get some more readings which will then be compared before flight and after flight and then we will know. And no I have not done yoga before coming [to this] programme but that again makes me a better subject because there is no preconditioning involved. When I reached here it was without the help of yoga and I did yoga only here and therefore the results will be more interpretable.

16:20-16:24 UT 7/4/1984

Yuri Malyshev: (in Russian)

… television viewers in India and the Soviet Union. In this television report we want to talk about… (inaudible)

We have brought with us to the station pennants and flags of the Soviet Union and India, coats of arms, commemorative medals, envelopes. We are now showing you pennants made on the occasion of the joint Soviet-Indian spaceflight, diplomas. Right next to us is a medal of Gagarin made on the occasion of the 50th birth anniversary of Gagarin and awarded to the crew of the Salyut-7/Soyuz orbital complex, cosmonauts Kizim, Solovyov and Atkov. We have also brought with us symbolic items from India about which Rakesh Sharma will tell you more.

Rakesh Sharma: (in Russian)

As Yuri Malyshev already told you, these are portraits of our leaders : Mahatma Gandhi, who we call the father of the homeland, did a lot to fight colonialism, Jawaharlal Nehru, the father of Indira Gandhi, our president Zail Singh, our prime minister Indira Gandhi, who is well known, and our Defence Minister Ramaswamy Venkataraman. We have also brought the coat of arms of our Air Force, the coat of arms…. (inaudible)


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